With my 20^th PT Class Reunion coming up this year, I've been feeling a little nostalgic—reflecting on the good old days of Gross Anatomy lab, the camaraderie with classmates, and an abundance of time dedicated to establishing a foundation in physical therapy. One of the fundamentals we learned, of course, was how to assess correct posture. We had plumb lines that ran from the ceiling, memorized the four postural types as described by Florence Kendall, and recorded them on our worksheets.

Topics: Abstract of the Week, good posture, manual therapy, Uncategorized

Abstract of The Week: Negative Neurodynamic Tests Do Not Exclude Neural Dysfunction in Patients With Entrapment Neuropathies by Larissa T. Baselgia, MSca, David L. Bennett, PhDb, Robert M. Silbiger, MScc, and Annina B. Schmid, PhDb.

Topics: Abstract of the Week, Entrapment Neuropathies, Faculty, Manual Therapy, neurodynamic tests, Uncategorized

Admittedly, we didn't have to search too hard to find this particular Abstract of the Week, as its authors include NAIOMT faculty. Thus, it goes without saying that we find this an important topic to research, read about and discuss.

Topics: Abstract of the Week, cervical spine, Cervical Spine, neck pain, thoracic spine manipulation

Alright, this week's abstract isn't your average study. And while I know that an "N" of one does not hold a lot of statistical power, I still think this one warrants a quick read. Why? Let me tell you.

Topics: Abstract of the Week, back pain, belly dancing, physical therapy

Living here in Colorado I hear a lot of predictions regarding the weather based upon how a person's joints feel on any particular day.  Patients will come in and tell me that it is going to rain/snow because their joints are "acting up." Do you have a similar experience with your patients? If so, how do you tend to respond?  Either way, I recommend giving this a read:

The influence of weather on the risk of pain exacerbation in patients with knee osteoarthritis - a case-crossover study.

The authors of this study looked at static weather measurements and their relationship to knee pain, and ultimately found no statistical significance in the relationship of weather and knee OA pain. I have noticed that when the barometric pressure has a rapid change is when my patient's joints tend to "act up" more vs. a slow steady change in pressure. What's your experience with patient pain related to the weather? Reach out on Twitter if there's anything you want to discuss, and if interested in exploring topics like these and much more in person, take a look at our upcoming  comprehensive manual therapy courses!

Happy Reading,

Topics: Abstract of the Week, Uncategorized

This week we recommend taking a look at the following abstract:

Koppenhaver SL et al.  The association between dry needling-induced twitch response and change in pain and muscle function in patients with low back pain: a quasi-experimental study.  Physiotherapy (2016)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dry needling-induced twitch response and change in pain, disability, nociceptive sensitivity,and lumbar multifidus muscle function, in patients with low back pain (LBP).

Design: Quasi-experimental study.Setting Department of Defense Academic Institution.

Participants: Sixty-six patients with mechanical LBP (38 men, 28 women, age: 41.3 [9.2] years).

Interventions: Dry needling treatment to the lumbar multifidus muscles between L3 and L5 bilaterally.

Main outcome measure:s Examination procedures included numeric pain rating, the Modified Oswestry Disability Index, pressure algometry,and real-time ultrasound imaging assessment of lumbar multifidus muscle function before and after dry needling treatment. Pain pressurethreshold (PPT) was used to measure nocioceptive sensitivity. The percent change in muscle thickness from rest to contraction was calculatedto represent muscle function. Participants were dichotomized and compared based on whether or not they experienced at least one twitchresponse on the most painful side and spinal level during dry needling.

Result:s Participants experiencing local twitch response during dry needling exhibited greater immediate improvement in lumbar multifidusmuscle function than participants who did not experience a twitch (thickness change with twitch: 12.4 [6]%, thickness change without twitch:5.7 [11]%, mean difference adjusted for baseline value, 95%CI: 4.4 [1 to 8]%). However, this difference was not present after 1-week, andthere were no between-groups differences in disability, pain intensity, or nociceptive sensitivity.

Conclusions: The twitch response during dry needling might be clinically relevant, but should not be considered necessary for successfultreatment.

To pop, or not to pop?  That has long been a questions among clinicians who utilize spinal manipulation.  Is the cavitation, or audible pop, necessary to achieve a "successful" manipluation?  While some literature indicates that it may not be necessary, this remains a viable question.

In an almost synonymous fashion, achieving a local twitch response (LTR) has been viewed by some as one of the primary goals with dry needling as it has been associated with better treatment outcomes (1,2).  The local twitch response has been shown to be associated with a decrease in nociceptive and inflammatory chemicals (1,3-6), increased blood flow (7), and decrease pain (8) to name a few.  In some circles, the LTR considered as the hallmark of a successful dry needling treatment.  Recently, the authors sought to investigate the association between the LTR and changes in pain and function in patients with lumbar pain.

Outcome measures included numeric pain rating, Modified Oswestry Disability Index, pressure algometry and real time ultrasound imaging (RUSI) of the lumbar multifidus function before and after dry needling treatment.  Muscle function was defined as the percent change in multifidus muscle thickness from rest to contraction measured via (RUSI).  The presence of a LTR during dry needling treatment was deemed to have occurred if at least one visible or palpable twitch was observed by the examiner or reported by the participant.

Following treatment, subjects were dichotomized into two groups: those experiencing a LTR and those not experiencing a LTR on the most painful multifidus identified during baseline assessment.  Data analysis revealed that those patients experiencing a LTR exhibited greater immediateimprovement in lumbar multifidus muscle function than those patients that did not experience a LTR.  This difference, although present immediately after treatment, was not present at a 1 week follow up assessment.  Additionally there were no between-group differences in disability, pain intensity or nociceptive sensitivity as measured by pressure algometry.

The first investigation to look at the clinical importance of the LTR led authors to conclude that the LTR may be clinically relevant, but should not be considered as the hallmark of a successful treatment.  Regardless of your opinions on this topic, the outcomes of this investigation point to a bigger picture.  Our manual techniques have temporal effects.  In other words, if all you are doing is dry needling with your patient, you're missing a big piece of the clinical puzzle.  Most of our patients will have a host of other impairments, i.e. joint dysfunction, poor motor control, faulty movement patterns, limited dural mobility, etc. that dry needling may or may not be able to address.  This begs the question......where does dry needling fit into the overall management of your patient?

Gary Kearns, PT, COMT, FAAOMPT

**Abstract of the week shared by NAIOMT Clinical Fellowship Instructor Gary Kearns, PT, COMT, FAAOMPT

1. Dommerholt J, Mayoral del Moral O, Grobli C.  Trigger point dry needling.  J Man Manip Ther.  2006;14(4):70E-87E

2. Hong CZ.  Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to myofascial trigger points.  The importance of the local twitch response.  Am J Phys Med Rehabil.  1994;73(4):256-263.

3. Bron C, Dommerholt JD.  Etiology of myofascial trigger points.  Curr Pain Headache Rep.  2012;16(5):439-444.

4. Huguenin LK.  Myofascial trigger points: the current evidence.  Phys Ther Sport.  2004;5(1).

5.  Shah JP, Phillips T, Danoff JV, Gerber LH.  A novel microanalytical technique for assaying soft tissue demonstrates significant quantitative biochemical differences in 3 clinically distinct groups: normal, latent, and active.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil.  2003;84(9):E4.

6.  Shat JP, Phillips TM, Danoff, JV, Gerber LH.  An in vivo microanalytical technique for measuring the local biochemical milieu of human skeletal muscle.  J App Physiol.  2005;99(5):1977-1984.

7.  Jimbo S, Atsuta Y, Kobayashi T, Matsuno T.  Effects of dry needling at tender points for neck pain (Japanese: Katakori): near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring muscular oxygenation of the trapezius.  J Orthop Sci.  2008;13(2):101-106.

Topics: Abstract of the Week, back pain, Dry Needling, low back pain, manual therapy, Uncategorized

This week, we recommend taking a look at an abstract that was published in June 2016:  Neuromechanical response to spinal manipulation therapy: effects of a constant rate of force application.

Topics: Abstract of the Week, Manipulation, manual therapy, Spinal manipulation, Uncategorized

This week, we recommend taking a look at the following abstract:

Topics: Abstract of the Week, Cervical Spine, Clinical Reasoning, clinical skills, Courses, Uncategorized

This week's Abstract of the Week is:

Topics: Abstract of the Week, manual therapy, spinal thrust manipulation, Uncategorized

Before we jump into this particular Abstract of The Week, we just had to share this:

Topics: Abstract of the Week, Uncategorized